Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Film Chain shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Film Chain offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Film Chain at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Film Chain? Wrong! If the Film Chain is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Film Chain then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Film Chain? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Film Chain and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Film Chain wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Film Chain then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Film Chain site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Film Chain, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Film Chain, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
image:FILM-I.JPG
A
Film chain or
Film island is a television - TV camera with one or more projectors aligned into the
photographic lens of the camera. With two or more projectors a system of front-surface mirrors that can pop-up are used in a multiplexer. These mirrors switch different projectors into the camera lens. The camera could be fed live to air for Broadcasting through a vision mixer or recorded to a
VTR for
post-production or later broadcast.
Projectors
The projectors often are: 16mm Film
Movie projector, a 35mm Slide projector and a
35 mm film Movie Projector. In low-end use the
film 35mm projector would be replaced by a second 16mm projector or 8 mm film, or Super 8 mm film or
Single-8 projector. The multiplexer with the camera and projectors surrounding it would often be called a
Film island.The optical or Magnetic_tape sound track on the motion picture would be picked up by the projector and would be fed to an
audio sound Mixing console or to the VTR. See:
Sound-on-film,
Movie_projector#Sound and 35_mm_film#New_innovations_in_sound.
The Slide projector at a TV station would be used for the TV Station’s Logo, the famous “Please Stand By” Slide and some test patterns. Some used a dual-rotating drum slide projector that would have its own mirrors to switch between the drums.
The film Projectors used in a Film chain are not standard. They had special five-blade shutter that is used convert the film’s 24 frames per second into NTSC’s 30 frame per second Video. If this was not used the video would have major flicker problems. This process is called a "3:2" pull down. Modern telecines use the same process, but it is done electronically, not with a five-blade shutter. "3:2" pull down means that a film frame is shown for three TV fields. The next Film Frame is shown for 2 TV fields. The add field in the “3” is used to convert the 24 frames per second to 30 frames per second. A normal projector has a 2 bladed shutter that shows the same frame twice. Before modern continuous motion Telecines, Film chains were sometime referred to as telecines.
All film projectors use Intermittent mechanism rollers to move the film and a pull-down claws to move and stop the film in the gate. The film is moved in the gate while the shutter blocks the light.
In PAL,
SECAM and other 25 frames per systems the film projector is speeded up one Frame per Second to 25 fps. This gives a one-to-one film to video frame transfer ratio. Thus a standard 2 bladed shutter can be used.
See
telecine#Frame rate differences for more info.
The Camera
A Film chain usually used a
video camera tube as this reduced flicker. Video camera tube#Vidicon image pick up tube were the preferred pick up for Film chains as these gave the least amount of flicker. When CCD-charge-coupled device cameras were introduced these were also used in a Film chain. CCD cameras often gave a sharper picture, but with more flicker.
Early Film chains had Black and White (B&W) cameras and many were later replaced with Color.The camera could be a standard studio camera, but most often was a camera designed for the purpose of film transfer.
Originally only Print Positive film as used. Later cameras that could invert and color correct color negative film were used.
Professional video cameras made for Film chains were used for Broadcast use.
A scene-by-scene color correction option was later added to film chains. This was first done by notching the edge of the film where a color change was wanted. Later, machines that counted the sprocket holes were used. At the mark (the notch or the electronic sprocket-count number) the next stored color correction would occur. See color grading for more information.
Products
- RCA was by far the largest maker of Film chains with the high end TK-26, TK-27 and TK28. RCA made both the cameras and projectors like the early TP6.
- TeleMation Inc. made B&W and Color Film chains like the TMM-203 Multiplexer and TMU-100 Uniplexers. TeleMation cameras and later Film chain camera rack were used for the pick up. These often used Bell & Howell projectors, like the B&H 379. Bell & Howell later purchased Telemation.
Also See
Ext. Links
- - Film island Page and photo
- TeleMation Inc. B&W
- - RCA TK26
- - TMM-203 Patent
image:FILM-I.JPG
A
Film chain or
Film island is a television - TV camera with one or more projectors aligned into the photographic lens of the camera. With two or more projectors a system of front-surface mirrors that can pop-up are used in a multiplexer. These mirrors switch different projectors into the camera lens. The camera could be fed live to air for
Broadcasting through a
vision mixer or recorded to a VTR for
post-production or later broadcast.
Projectors
The projectors often are: 16mm Film
Movie projector, a 35mm Slide projector and a
35 mm film Movie Projector. In low-end use the
film 35mm projector would be replaced by a second 16mm projector or
8 mm film, or
Super 8 mm film or
Single-8 projector. The multiplexer with the camera and projectors surrounding it would often be called a
Film island.The optical or Magnetic_tape sound track on the motion picture would be picked up by the projector and would be fed to an
audio sound
Mixing console or to the VTR. See: Sound-on-film, Movie_projector#Sound and 35_mm_film#New_innovations_in_sound.
The Slide projector at a TV station would be used for the TV Station’s Logo, the famous “Please Stand By” Slide and some test patterns. Some used a dual-rotating drum slide projector that would have its own mirrors to switch between the drums.
The film Projectors used in a Film chain are not standard. They had special five-blade shutter that is used convert the film’s 24 frames per second into NTSC’s 30 frame per second Video. If this was not used the video would have major flicker problems. This process is called a "3:2" pull down. Modern telecines use the same process, but it is done electronically, not with a five-blade shutter. "3:2" pull down means that a film frame is shown for three TV fields. The next Film Frame is shown for 2 TV fields. The add field in the “3” is used to convert the 24 frames per second to 30 frames per second. A normal projector has a 2 bladed shutter that shows the same frame twice. Before modern continuous motion Telecines, Film chains were sometime referred to as telecines.
All film projectors use
Intermittent mechanism rollers to move the film and a pull-down claws to move and stop the film in the gate. The film is moved in the gate while the shutter blocks the light.
In
PAL, SECAM and other 25 frames per systems the film projector is speeded up one Frame per Second to 25 fps. This gives a one-to-one film to video frame transfer ratio. Thus a standard 2 bladed shutter can be used.
See telecine#Frame rate differences for more info.
The Camera
A Film chain usually used a video camera tube as this reduced flicker. Video camera tube#Vidicon image pick up tube were the preferred pick up for Film chains as these gave the least amount of flicker. When CCD-charge-coupled device cameras were introduced these were also used in a Film chain. CCD cameras often gave a sharper picture, but with more flicker.
Early Film chains had Black and White (B&W) cameras and many were later replaced with Color.The camera could be a standard studio camera, but most often was a camera designed for the purpose of film transfer.
Originally only Print Positive film as used. Later cameras that could invert and color correct color negative film were used.
Professional video cameras made for Film chains were used for Broadcast use.
A scene-by-scene color correction option was later added to film chains. This was first done by notching the edge of the film where a color change was wanted. Later, machines that counted the sprocket holes were used. At the mark (the notch or the electronic sprocket-count number) the next stored color correction would occur. See
color grading for more information.
Products
- RCA was by far the largest maker of Film chains with the high end TK-26, TK-27 and TK28. RCA made both the cameras and projectors like the early TP6.
- TeleMation Inc. made B&W and Color Film chains like the TMM-203 Multiplexer and TMU-100 Uniplexers. TeleMation cameras and later Film chain camera rack were used for the pick up. These often used Bell & Howell projectors, like the B&H 379. Bell & Howell later purchased Telemation.
Also See
Ext. Links
- - Film island Page and photo
- TeleMation Inc. B&W
- - RCA TK26
- - TMM-203 Patent
